Laina Hana Hoʻohui Wai

Hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina hana fermentation:
ʻO ka biogas fermentation, ka mea i ʻike ʻia he anaerobic digestion a me ka anaerobic fermentation, pili i nā mea organik (e like me ke kanaka, nā holoholona a me nā manure moa, ka mauʻu, nā mauʻu, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) ma lalo o kekahi mau maʻa, wela a me nā kūlana anaerobic, ma o ka catabolism o nā microorganisms like ʻole, a hope ʻO ke kaʻina hana i ka hui ʻana o nā kinoea e like me ka methane a me ka carbon dioxide.Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana fermentation biogas ma ke kumu o ka biogas fermentation, me ka pahuhopu o ka hana ikehu, a ʻike hope i ka hoʻohana piha ʻana o ka biogas, biogas slurry a me ke koena biogas.

ʻO ka fermentation biogas he kaʻina biochemical paʻakikī me kēia mau ʻano:
(1) Nui nā ʻano microorganisms i komo i ka hopena fermentation, a ʻaʻohe kumu mua no ka hoʻohana ʻana i hoʻokahi kānana e hana ai i ka biogas, a pono ka inoculum no ka fermentation i ka wā hana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.
(2) He paʻakikī nā mea maka i hoʻohanaʻia no ka fermentation a mai nā kumu likeʻole.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano mea ola hoʻokahi a i ʻole hui ʻia e like me ka fermentation raw material, a ʻo ka huahana hope loa he biogas.Eia hou, hiki i ka biogas fermentation ke mālama i ka wai ʻōpala organik me kahi ʻano nui COD ma mua o 50,000 mg/L a me nā ʻōpala organik me kahi ʻano paʻa kiʻekiʻe.
He haʻahaʻa ka hoʻohana ikehu o nā microorganism biogas.Ma lalo o nā kūlana like, ʻo ka ikehu e pono ai no ka hoʻoheheʻe anaerobic wale nō ka helu no 1/30 ~ 1/20 o ka decomposition aerobic.
Nui nā ʻano mea hana fermentation biogas, he ʻokoʻa ke ʻano a me ka waiwai, akā hiki i nā ʻano mea like ʻole ke hana i ka biogas inā lōʻihi ka hoʻolālā ʻana.
ʻO ka fermentation biogas e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana e hoʻomoʻi ʻia ai nā ʻōpala organik paʻa like ʻole e nā microorganism biogas e hana i ka biogas.Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻekolu pae:
ʻĀpana wai wai
No ka mea, ʻaʻole hiki ke komo i loko o nā microorganisms a hoʻohana ʻia e nā microorganism, pono e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka mea olaola paʻa i loko o nā monosaccharides Soluble, nā amino acids, glycerol, a me nā ʻakika momona me nā kaumaha molekala liʻiliʻi.Hiki i kēia mau mea hoʻoheheʻe me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ke kaumaha mole ke komo i loko o nā pūnaewele microbial a hoʻopau hou ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia.
Pae Acidogenic
ʻO nā mea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids) e hoʻomau i ka decompose a hoʻololi i loko o nā mea mole haʻahaʻa ma lalo o ka hana o cellulosic bacteria, protein bacteria, lipobacteria, a me ka pectin bacteria intracellular enzymes, e like me butyric acid, propionic acid, acetic acid, a me nā waiʻona , nā ketones, nā aldehydes a me nā mea ola maʻalahi ʻē aʻe;i ka manawa like, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kekahi mau mea inorganic e like me ka hydrogen, carbon dioxide a me ka amonia.Akā i kēia manawa, ʻo ka huahana nui ka acetic acid, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 70%, no laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka pae hoʻomohala wai.Ua kapa ʻia nā maʻi bacteria e komo i kēia māhele he acidogens.
Ke kahua methanogenic
Hoʻoheheʻe ka bacteria methanogenic i nā mea ola maʻalahi e like me ka acetic acid i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka pae ʻelua i ka methane a me carbon dioxide, a ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kalapona i ka methane ma lalo o ka hana a ka hydrogen.Kapa ʻia kēia ʻanuʻu ke kahua hana kinoea, a i ʻole ka pae methanogenic.
Pono ka bacteria Methanogenic e noho i kahi kaiapuni me ka hiki ke ho'ēmi i ka oxidation ma lalo o -330mV, a ʻo ka biogas fermentation e koi i kahi kaiapuni anaerobic koʻikoʻi.
Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ʻo ia mai ka decomposition o nā mea organik paʻakikī a hiki i ka hanauna hope o ka biogas, aia ʻelima mau pūʻulu physiological nui o ka bacteria i komo, ʻo ia ka bacteria fermentative, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria, hydrogen-consuming acetogenic bacteria, hydrogen-ʻai. nā methanogens a me nā hua bacteria acetic acid.Methanogens.ʻElima pūʻulu bacteria he kaulahao meaʻai.Wahi a ka ʻokoʻa o kā lākou metabolites, ʻo nā hui mua ʻekolu o ka bacteria e hoʻopau i ke kaʻina hana o ka hydrolysis a me ka acidification pū, a ʻo nā hui hope ʻelua o ka bacteria e hoʻopau i ke kaʻina hana o ka methane.
bacteria fermentative
Nui nā ʻano mea olaola e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka fermentation biogas, e like me ka manure holoholona, ​​​​ka mauʻu hua, ka meaʻai a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻona, etc. etc.), ka papa lipids a me ka protein.ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea olaola paʻakikī i ka wai a pono e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā sugar soluble, nā waikawa amino a me nā ʻakika momona e nā enzyme extracellular huna ʻia e nā bacteria fermentative ma mua o ka hiki ke komo a hoʻohana ʻia e nā microorganism.Ma hope o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana o ka bacteria fermentative i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei i loko o nā pūnaewele, ua hoʻololi ʻia lākou i ka acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid a me nā alcohols ma o ka fermentation, a ua hana ʻia kekahi nui o ka hydrogen a me carbon dioxide i ka manawa like.ʻO ka nui o ka acetic acid, propionic acid a me butyric acid i loko o ka hupa fermentation i ka wā o ka biogas fermentation ua kapa ʻia ka huina volatile acid (TVA).Ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka fermentation maʻamau, ʻo ka acetic acid ka waikawa nui i ka nui o ka waika i hana ʻia.Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā mea protein, ma kahi o nā huahana, e loaʻa pū kekahi ammonia hydrogen sulfide.Nui nā ʻano bacteria fermentative i loko o ke kaʻina hana fermentation hydrolytic, a he mau haneli o nā ʻano mea i ʻike ʻia, me Clostridium, Bacteroides, Butyric acid bacteria, Lactic acid bacteria, Bifidobacteria a me Spiral bacteria.ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau bacteria he anaerobes, akā he anaerobes facultative kekahi.[1]
Methanogens
I ka wā o ka fermentation biogas, hoʻokumu ʻia ka hana methane e kahi pūʻulu bacteria kūikawā i kapa ʻia he methanogens.ʻO nā methanogens ka hydromethanotrophs a me ka acetomethanotrophs, ʻo ia nā lālā o ka hui hope loa i ke kaulahao meaʻai i ka wā anaerobic digestion.ʻOiai he mau ʻano like ʻole ko lākou, ʻo ko lākou kūlana i ke kaulahao meaʻai e loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻano physiological maʻamau.Ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic, hoʻololi lākou i nā huahana hope loa o nā hui mua ʻekolu o ka metabolism bacteria i nā huahana methane a me carbon dioxide i ka nele o nā mea ʻae hydrogen waho, i hiki ke hoʻopau maikaʻi ʻia ka decomposition o nā mea organik ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic.

Ke koho kaʻina hana hoʻonā meaʻai mea kanu:
Ke manaʻo nei ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu mea kanu e hoʻohana i nā mea pono i loko o ka biogas slurry a hoʻohui i nā mea minerala lawa i mea e loaʻa ai nā ʻano maikaʻi o ka huahana i hoʻopau ʻia.
Ma ke ʻano he mea kūlohelohe macromolecular kūlohelohe, loaʻa ka humic acid i ka hana physiological maikaʻi a me nā hana o ka absorption, complexation and exchange.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiuma humic a me ka slurry biogas no ka mālama chelation hiki ke hoʻonui i ka paʻa o ka slurry biogas, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka trace element chelation hiki ke hoʻonui i nā mea kanu i nā mea ʻala.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana chelation humic acid:
ʻO ka Chelation e pili ana i ka hopena kemika kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā iona metala me ʻelua a ʻoi aku ka hui ʻana o nā ʻātoma (metala ʻole) i loko o ka mole hoʻokahi e nā paʻa hoʻohui e hana i kahi ʻano heterocyclic (chelate ring) i loko o nā ion metala.ʻano hopena.Ua like ia me ka hopena chelation o nā maiuu pāpaʻi, no laila ka inoa.ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke apo chelate e ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka chelate ma mua o ka paʻakikī non-chelate me ke ʻano like a me ke ʻano.ʻO kēia hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kūpaʻa i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka chelation i kapa ʻia ka hopena chelation.
ʻO kahi hopena kemika kahi i hana ʻia ai kahi pūʻulu hana o hoʻokahi mole a ʻelua mau mole a me kahi ion metala i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke apo ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kapa ʻia ʻo chelation, ʻike ʻia ʻo chelation a i ʻole cyclization.Ma waena o ka hao inorganic i hoʻokomo ʻia e ke kino o ke kanaka, ʻo 2-10% wale nō ke komo maoli.Ke hoʻololi ʻia nā minelala i nā ʻano digestible, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā amino acids e lilo ia i pūhui "chelate".ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo Chelation ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā mea mineral i nā ʻano digestible.ʻAʻole i "chelated" nā huahana mineral maʻamau, e like me ka ʻai iwi, dolomite, etc.No laila, i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe, pono e hana mua ʻia ka "chelation".Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole holo mālie ke kaʻina hana maoli o ka hana ʻana i nā minerala i loko o nā pūhui "chelate" (chelate) i loko o ke kino o ka poʻe.ʻO ka hopena, ʻaneʻane make ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻohui mineral.Mai kēia ʻike mākou ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea i ʻai ʻia e ke kino o ke kanaka ke hoʻokō piha i ko lākou hopena.ʻAʻole hiki i ka hapa nui o ke kino o ke kanaka ke hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi a komo i ka meaʻai.Ma waena o ka hao inorganic, ʻo 2% -10% wale nō ka mea i ʻeli ʻia, a ʻo 50% e hoʻopau ʻia, no laila ua "chelated" ke kino o ke kanaka."ʻO ka ʻai ʻana a me ka absorption o nā mineral i mālama ʻia he 3-10 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā minerala i mālama ʻole ʻia.ʻOiai inā ʻoe e hoʻolilo i ke kālā liʻiliʻi, pono ia.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻomohu a hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea kanu no ka mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea ʻano inorganic e ka lepo o ka lepo.ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea chelated trace element i ka lepo ma mua o nā ʻano trace inorganic.ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu kūʻai o nā mea trace chelated ma mua o nā mea kanu inorganic trace element.